Testosterone And Pregnancy Ftm

Testosterone And Pregnancy Ftm

Variety of procedures

Sex reassignment surgery for female-to-male transgender people includes a variety of surgical procedures that alter anatomical traits to provide physical traits more comfortable to the trans man's male identity and functioning.

Often used to refer to phalloplasty, metoidoplasty, or vaginectomy, sex reassignment surgery can also more broadly refer to many procedures an individual may have, such as male chest reconstruction, hysterectomy, or oophorectomy.

Sex reassignment surgery is usually preceded by beginning hormone treatment with testosterone.

Chest reconstruction [edit]

Chest reconstruction ("top surgery") is an important component of transition in the transmasculine population that can substantially improve gender incongruence.^[1] This might be done as a step in the process of treating distress due to a difference between experienced or expressed gender and sex assigned at birth (gender dysphoria). The procedure can help transgender men transition physically to their self-affirmed gender. Surgeries for female-to-male transgender patients have similarities to both gynecomastia surgeries for cisgender men,^[2] breast reduction surgery for gigantomastia, and the separate mastectomies done for breast cancer.^[3] Top surgery involves more than a mastectomy for the treatment of breast cancer.^[1] Special techniques are used to contour and reduce the chest wall, position the nipples and areola, and minimize scarring.^[1]

If the breast size is small, surgery that spares the skin, nipple and areola (subcutaneous nipple-sparing mastectomy) may be performed. This procedure minimizes scarring, has a faster healing time and usually preserves sensation in the nipples. During this surgery, incisions are made around the borders of the areolae and the surrounding skin. Breast tissue is removed through the incisions and some skin also might be removed. Remaining skin is reattached at the border of the areola.^{[ citation needed ]}

Research suggests that most transgender men are satisfied with their surgical results, with only 1% experiencing regret after the operation. ^[4]

Hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy [edit]

Hysterectomy is as surgical procedure performed to remove the uterus. A total hysterectomy involves removal of the uterus and cervix, and a sub-partial hysterectomy involves removal of only the uterus. Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) is the removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes.

According to the ACOG, symptomatic uterine leiomyomas are the most common indication for hysterectomy in the US, followed by abnormal uterine bleeding, endometriosis and prolapse.^[5] Risk-reducing hysterectomy is also performed for patients with high-risk of endometrial cancer, including patients with germ-line BRCA1/2 mutations, Lynch Syndrome and family history. Hysterectomy can also be performed for male-identifying patients with uterus in conjunction with testosterone therapy.

Hysterectomy can be performed through three methods: abdominal, laparoscopic, vaginal.^[6] Abdominal hysterectomy is performed with incision into the abdominal wall, whereas laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomies are minimally-invasive procedures.^[7] Current ACOG guidelines recommend minimally-invasive procedures, specifically vaginal hysterectomy, over surgical hysterectomy due to faster recovery time, shorter procedural time, shorter hospital stays and better quality of life.^{[8] [9]} Discharge from minimally-invasive hysterectomy can occur as fast as 1 day post-operation, in contrast to 5 days post-operation for abdominal hysterectomies. Following discharge, patients often experience gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation or urinary tract infections, as well as vaginal bleeding or discharge. These symptoms should be temporary and resolve within six weeks.^[10] Follow-up visits with a gynecologist is recommended six-weeks following hysterectomy.

Follow-up care for male-identifying patients with uterus should still see a gynecologist for a check-up at least every three years. This is particularly the case for patients who:

• retain their vagina (whether before or after further genital reconstruction,)
• have a strong family history of cancers of the breast, ovary, or uterus (endometrium,)
• have a personal history of gynecological cancer or significant dysplasia on a Pap smear.
• develop vaginal bleeding post-operation and hormone therapy

Complications of hysterectomy involve infection, venous thromboembolic events, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tract injury and nerve injury. The most common of these complications is infection, which occurs at a rate of 10.5% of abdominal hysterectomy, 13% of vaginal hysterectomy and 9% of laparoscopic hysterectomy.^[11] There is also a low risk of long-term complications, which can include chronic pain, sexual dysfunction and bowel dysfunction.

Genital reassignment [edit]

Hip showing scar from skin graft used for phalloplasty.

Also known as Genital reconstructive procedures (GRT) ^[12]

Phalloplasty [edit]

Phalloplasty in female-to-male surgery

Phalloplasty is the process of constructing a neopenis using a flap (graft) from the patient's arm, thigh, abdomen, or back.^[13] Compared to Metoidioplasty, Phalloplasty provides a larger penis with a more satisfying cosmetic appearance; however, it is more expensive, and many times the penis lacks the ability to achieve an erection.^[14] Therefore, many tend to use penile implants to improve erection and get more satisfying cosmetic results.^[13] Sexual sensation is usually preserved to the base of the penis, where the original clitoris was.

Metoidioplasty [edit]

Example of completed metoidioplasty including neourethra and scrotoplasty, 2-years post-operation.^[15]

Metoidioplasty is done after enlarging the clitoris using hormone replacement therapy, where a neopenis is constructed from the enlarged clitoris, with or without extending the urethra to allow urination while standing up. The labia majora are united to form a scrotum, where prosthetic testicles can be inserted. The new neophallus ranges in size from 4–10 cm (with an average of 5.7 cm) and has the approximate girth of a human adult thumb.^[16] Sexual sensation and erectile function are usually completely preserved. Specialized metoidioplasty penile implants may be an option in those who cannot achieve penetration during sex.^[17]

Penile implants [edit]

Penile implants are usually used in phalloplasty surgery due to the inability of the neophallus to achieve proper erection. The penile implants are used in cisgender men to treat erectile dysfunction, and in transgender men during female-to-male sex reassignment surgery. Although the same penile implant has been used for both cisgender and transgender men, specialized penile implants for transgender men were recently developed by Zephyr Surgical Implants (Switzerland), in both inflatable and malleable models.^[18] During phalloplasty, the tissue flap used to build the neophallus is wrapped around the implant either in the same surgery, or in separate surgeries. Penile implants are less commonly used in metoidioplasty due to how the process is done.

Facial masculinization [edit]

Facial masculinization also alters anatomical features to achieve an appearance that aligns more closely with gender identity. This can be achieved surgically, which might entail reconstruction of the forehead, nose, upper lip, or chin.^[19] Non-surgical options include injections to alter the jawline and chin.^[20] Non-surgical methods can be combined with surgery or used alone when subtle changes are desired. In addition to alteration of facial structure, hair transplantation can be used to achieve more permanent masculine hair growth patterns such as sideburns, mustaches, or beards.^[20]

See also [edit]

•  Transgender portal

• Facial masculinization
• List of transgender-related topics
• Penile Implant
• Scrotoplasty
• Sex reassignment surgery (male-to-female)

Notes and references [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} "What is Top Surgery? A Guide to the Reconstructive Chest Procedure for Transmasculine Individuals". Insider. October 14, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
2. ^ "What is Gynecomastia?". NHS. 26 June 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
3. ^ Cuccolo, Nicholas G.; Kang, Christine O.; Boskey, Elizabeth R.; Ibrahim, Ahmed M.S.; Blankensteijn, Louise L.; Taghinia, Amir; Lee, Bernard T.; Lin, Samuel J.; Ganor, Oren (2021-06-02). "Mastectomy in Transgender and Cisgender Patients: A Comparative Analysis of Epidemiology and Postoperative Outcomes". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open. 7 (6). doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000002316. PMID 31624695. Retrieved 2021-11-24 .
4. ^ McNichols, Colton H. L.; O'Brien-Coon, Devin; Fischer, Beverly (2020-06-17). "Patient-reported satisfaction and quality of life after trans male gender affirming surgery". International Journal of Transgender Health. Informa UK Limited. 21 (4): 410–417. doi:10.1080/26895269.2020.1775159. ISSN 2689-5269.
5. ^ "Choosing the Route of Hysterectomy for Benign Disease". The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. June 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
6. ^ Clayton, R.D. (1 February 2006). "Hysterectomy". Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 20 (1): 73–87. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.09.007. ISSN 1521-6934. PMID 16275095.
7. ^ Aarts, Johanna W. M.; Nieboer, Theodoor E.; Johnson, Neil; Tavender, Emma; Garry, Ray; Mol, Ben Willem J.; Kluivers, Kirsten B. (12 August 2015). "Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): CD003677. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003677.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC6984437. PMID 26264829.
8. ^ "Choosing the Route of Hysterectomy for Benign Disease".
9. ^ Garry, Ray (February 2005). "The future of hysterectomy". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 112 (2): 133–139. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00431.x. ISSN 1470-0328. PMID 15663575. S2CID 36424081.
10. ^ "Recovery - Hysterectomy". NHS. 14 May 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
11. ^ Clarke-Pearson, Daniel L.; Geller, Elizabeth J. (March 2013). "Complications of hysterectomy". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 121 (3): 654–673. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182841594. ISSN 1873-233X. PMID 23635631. S2CID 25380233.
12. ^ Frey, Jordan D.; Poudrier, Grace; Chiodo, Michael V.; Hazen, Alexes (March 2017). "An Update on Genital Reconstruction Options for the Female-to-Male Transgender Patient: A Review of the Literature". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 139 (3): 728–737. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000003062. ISSN 1529-4242. PMID 28234856.
13. ^ ^{a b} Kang, Audry; Aizen, Joshua M.; Cohen, Andrew J.; Bales, Gregory T.; Pariser, Joseph J. (June 2019). "Techniques and considerations of prosthetic surgery after phalloplasty in the transgender male". Translational Andrology and Urology. 8 (3): 273–282. doi:10.21037/tau.2019.06.02. PMC6626310. PMID 31380234.
14. ^ "Metoidioplasty: Surgery, Results, and Recovery". Healthline. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 2020-06-22 .
15. ^ Bordas N, Stojanovic B, Bizic M, Szanto A, Djordjevic ML (2021-10-13). "Metoidioplasty: Surgical Options and Outcomes in 813 Cases". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 12: 760284. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.760284. PMC8548780. PMID 34721306.
16. ^ Metoidioplasty as a Single Stage Sex Reassignment Surgery in Female Transsexuals: Belgrade Experience Djordjevic, Miroslav L. et al., Journal of Sexual Medicine, Volume 6, Issue 5, 1306 - 1313
17. ^ Littara, Alessandro; Melone, Roberto; Morales-Medina, Julio Cesar; Iannitti, Tommaso; Palmieri, Beniamino (2019-04-19). "Cosmetic penile enhancement surgery: a 3-year single-centre retrospective clinical evaluation of 355 cases". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 6323. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.6323L. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41652-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC6474863. PMID 31004096.
18. ^ Pigot, Garry L. S.; Sigurjónsson, Hannes; Ronkes, Brechje; Al-Tamimi, Muhammed; van der Sluis, Wouter B. (January 2020). "Surgical Experience and Outcomes of Implantation of the ZSI 100 FtM Malleable Penile Implant in Transgender Men After Phalloplasty". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 17 (1): 152–158. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.09.019. ISSN 1743-6109. PMID 31680006. S2CID 207890601.
19. ^ Deschamps-Braly, Jordan (2020), Schechter, Loren S. (ed.), "Facial Gender Affirmation Surgery: Facial Feminization Surgery and Facial Masculinization Surgery", Gender Confirmation Surgery: Principles and Techniques for an Emerging Field, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–113, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29093-1_12, ISBN978-3-030-29093-1, S2CID 241880496, retrieved 2021-09-11
20. ^ ^{a b} Ascha, Mona; Swanson, Marco A; Massie, Jonathan P; Evans, Morgan W; Chambers, Christopher; Ginsberg, Brian A; Gatherwright, James; Satterwhite, Thomas; Morrison, Shane D; Gougoutas, Alexander J (2018-10-31). "Nonsurgical Management of Facial Masculinization and Feminization". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 39 (5): NP123–NP137. doi:10.1093/asj/sjy253. ISSN 1090-820X. PMID 30383180.

General sources [edit]

• Factors Which Influence Individual's Decisions When Considering Female-To-Male Genital Reconstructive Surgery by Katherine Rachlin from the International Journal of Transgenderism. Female-To-Male Genital Reconstructive Surgery. Factors, Benefits and Risks by Dr Preecha Tiewtranon This article also discusses some general issues of female-to-male GRT.

External links [edit]

• Everything you wanted to know about ... Total Abdominal Hysterectomy with Bilateral Salpingo Oophorectomy

Testosterone And Pregnancy Ftm

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery_(female-to-male)

Will Testosterone Cypionate Absorbed Through Skin

Will Testosterone Cypionate Absorbed Through Skin

Testosterone cypionate

Summary

Testosterone cypionate is an androgen used to treat low or absent testosterone.

Brand Names

Depo-testosterone

Generic Name

Testosterone cypionate

DrugBank Accession Number

DB13943

Background

Testosterone cypionate is a synthetic derivative of testosterone in the form of an oil-soluble 17 (beta)-cyclopentylpropionate ester. Its benefit compared to other testosterone derivatives is the slow rate of release after injection and longer half-life. It was developed by the company Pharmacia and Upjohn and FDA approved on July 25, 1979.

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved

Structure

Weight

Average: 412.614
Monoisotopic: 412.297745148

Chemical Formula

C₂₇H₄₀O₃

Synonyms

• testosterone 17β-cyclopentanepropionate
• testosterone 17β-cyclopentylpropionate
• testosterone 17β-cypionate
• Testosterone cipionate
• Testosterone cyclopentanepropionate
• Testosterone cyclopentylpropionate
• Testosterone cypionate

Indication

Testosterone cypionate is used in males that present conditions derived from a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone. These conditions are 1) primary hypogonadism, defined as the testicular failure due to cryptorchidism, bilateral torsion, orchitis, vanishing testis syndrome or orchidectomy; and 2) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism characterized by idiopathic gonadotropin, LHRH deficiency or pituitary-hypothalamic injury from tumors, trauma or radiation.⁶

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Associated Conditions

• Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
• Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Administration of ester derivatives of testosterone as testosterone cypionate generates an increase in serum testosterone to levels reaching 400% from the baseline within 24 hours of administration. These androgen levels remain elevated for 3-5 days after initial administration.³ The continuous variation in plasma testosterone after intramuscular administration of testosterone cypionate results in fluctuations in mood and libido as well as some local inflammation.⁴

Mechanism of action

The effects of testosterone in humans and other vertebrates occur by way of two main mechanisms: by activation of the androgen receptor (directly or as DHT), and by conversion to estradiol and activation of certain estrogen receptors. Free testosterone (T) is transported into the cytoplasm of target tissue cells, where it can bind to the androgen receptor, or can be reduced to 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the cytoplasmic enzyme 5-alpha-reductase. DHT binds to the same androgen receptor even more strongly than T, so that its androgenic potency is about 2.5 times that of T. The T-receptor or DHT-receptor complex undergoes a structural change that allows it to move into the cell nucleus and bind directly to specific nucleotide sequences of the chromosomal DNA. The areas of binding are called hormone response elements (HREs), and influence transcriptional activity of certain genes, producing the androgen effects.²

Target	Actions	Organism
AAndrogen receptor	agonist	Humans
UEstrogen receptor alpha	Not Available	Humans
UMineralocorticoid receptor	Not Available	Humans

Absorption

Testosterone cypionate is an esterified anabolic which allows it to present a greater degree of solubility in fats and thus, the release and absorption occur in a slow rate compare to homologous molecules.⁵ Intramuscular administration of 200 mg of testosterone cypionate produced a mean supratherapeutic Cmax of 1122 ng/dl which occurred 4-5 days post-injection. After the fifth day, the levels of testosterone cypionate in plasma went down reaching an average of 400 ng/dl.⁴

Volume of distribution

The volume of distribution following intravenous administration of testosterone is of approximately 1 L/kg.⁷

Protein binding

Testosterone cypionate, following conversion into testosterone, is approximately 98% protein-bound to sex hormone-binding globulin in plasma.⁵

Metabolism

To start its activity, testosterone cypionate has to be processed by enzymes in the bloodstream. These enzymes will break the bond between the cypionate ester moiety and the testosterone. Once separated, testosterone is metabolized to 17-keto steroids through two different pathways. The major active metabolites are estradiol and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Testosterone is metabolized to DHT by steroid 5α-reductase in skin, liver and urogenital tract. In reproductive tissues DHT is further metabolized to androstanediol.⁶

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Route of elimination

About 90% of a dose of testosterone given intramuscularly is excreted in the urine as glucuronic and sulfuric acid conjugates of testosterone and its metabolites; about 6% of a dose is excreted in the feces, mostly in the unconjugated form.⁶

Half-life

The half-life of testosterone cypionate is one of the longest, being approximately of 8 days.⁵

Clearance

Testosterone cypionate presents a lower clearance rate after intramuscular administration compared to other analogs of testosterone.

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Preclinical studies with testosterone implants induced cervical-uterine tumors in mice which metastasized in some cases. Some reports indicate that administration of testosterone cypionate in females can augment the susceptibility to hepatoma as well as increase the number of tumors. Clinical studies have reported cases of hepatocellular carcinoma in long-term high-dose therapy.⁶

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

• Approved
• Vet approved
• Nutraceutical
• Illicit
• Withdrawn
• Investigational
• Experimental
• All Drugs

Drug	Interaction
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Abacavir	Abacavir may decrease the excretion rate of Testosterone cypionate which could result in a higher serum level.
Abametapir	The serum concentration of Testosterone cypionate can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
Abatacept	The metabolism of Testosterone cypionate can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
Abciximab	Testosterone cypionate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Abciximab.
Abemaciclib	Abemaciclib may decrease the excretion rate of Testosterone cypionate which could result in a higher serum level.
Abiraterone	The metabolism of Testosterone cypionate can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone.
Acalabrutinib	The metabolism of Testosterone cypionate can be decreased when combined with Acalabrutinib.
Acamprosate	The excretion of Acamprosate can be increased when combined with Testosterone cypionate.
Acarbose	Testosterone cypionate may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Acarbose.
Aceclofenac	Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Testosterone cypionate which could result in a higher serum level.

Food Interactions

No interactions found.

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Active Moieties

Name	Kind	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Testosterone	prodrug	3XMK78S47O	58-22-0	MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Testosterone Cypionate	Solution	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Qualgen Llc	2021-01-02	Not applicable
Testosterone Cypionate	Injection	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	ASP Cares	2019-04-24	Not applicable

Generic Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Depo-Testosterone	Injection, solution	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Pharmacia and Upjohn Company LLC	1979-07-25	Not applicable
Depo-Testosterone	Injection, solution	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Pharmacia and Upjohn Company LLC	2014-03-31	2020-02-29
Depo-Testosterone	Injection, solution	100 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Pharmacia and Upjohn Company LLC	2014-07-01	Not applicable
Depo-Testosterone	Injection, solution	100 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	A S Medication Solutions	1979-07-25	Not applicable
Depo-Testosterone	Injection, solution	100 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Pharmacia and Upjohn Company LLC	1979-07-25	Not applicable
Depo-Testosterone	Injection, solution	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	A S Medication Solutions	1979-07-25	Not applicable
Depo-Testosterone	Injection, solution	100 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	A-S Medication Solutions	1979-07-25	2019-03-31
Depo-Testosterone	Injection, solution	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Pharmacia and Upjohn Company LLC	2014-07-01	Not applicable
Depo-Testosterone	Injection, solution	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	1994-07-12	Not applicable
Testosterone Cypionate	Injection	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Proficient Rx LP	2012-05-01	Not applicable

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Testone CIK	Testosterone cypionate (200 mg/1mL) + Isopropyl alcohol (0.7 mL/1mL)		Intramuscular; Topical	Asclemed Usa, Inc.	2007-12-21	Not applicable
Testosterone Cypionate	Testosterone cypionate (200 mg/1mL)	Injection	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	ASP Cares	2019-04-24	Not applicable
Testosterone Cypionate	Testosterone cypionate (200 mg/1mL)	Solution	Intramuscular	Qualgen Llc	2021-01-02	Not applicable

Drug Categories

• Anabolic Agents
• Androgens
• Androstanes
• Androstenes
• Androstenols
• BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers (strength unknown)
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers
• Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
• Delayed-Action Preparations
• Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
• Fused-Ring Compounds
• Gonadal Hormones
• Gonadal Steroid Hormones
• Hormones
• Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
• OAT3/SLC22A8 Inducers
• P-glycoprotein inhibitors
• Steroids
• Testosterone and derivatives
• Testosterone Congeners
• Thyroxine-binding globulin inhibitors

Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire

Description

This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as steroid esters. These are compounds containing a steroid moiety which bears a carboxylic acid ester group.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Lipids and lipid-like molecules

Class

Steroids and steroid derivatives

Sub Class

Steroid esters

Direct Parent

Steroid esters

Alternative Parents

Androgens and derivatives / 3-oxo delta-4-steroids / Delta-4-steroids / Cyclohexenones / Carboxylic acid esters / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives

Substituents

3-oxo-delta-4-steroid / 3-oxosteroid / Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound / Androgen-skeleton / Androstane-skeleton / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid ester / Cyclic ketone / Cyclohexenone

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds

External Descriptors

sterol ester (CHEBI:9463) / C19 steroids (androgens) and derivatives (C08156) / C19 steroids (androgens) and derivatives (LMST02020074)

Affected organisms

• Humans and other mammals

UNII

M0XW1UBI14

CAS number

58-20-8

InChI Key

HPFVBGJFAYZEBE-ZLQWOROUSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C27H40O3/c1-26-15-13-20(28)17-19(26)8-9-21-22-10-11-24(27(22,2)16-14-23(21)26)30-25(29)12-7-18-5-3-4-6-18/h17-18,21-24H,3-16H2,1-2H3/t21-,22-,23-,24-,26-,27-/m0/s1

IUPAC Name

(1S,3aS,3bR,9aR,9bS,11aS)-9a,11a-dimethyl-7-oxo-1H,2H,3H,3aH,3bH,4H,5H,7H,8H,9H,9aH,9bH,10H,11H,11aH-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-1-yl 3-cyclopentylpropanoate

SMILES

[H][C@@]12CC[C@H](OC(=O)CCC3CCCC3)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CCC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]12C

General References

1. Freeman ER, Bloom DA, McGuire EJ: A brief history of testosterone. J Urol. 2001 Feb;165(2):371-3. [Article]
2. Hoberman JM, Yesalis CE: The history of synthetic testosterone. Sci Am. 1995 Feb;272(2):76-81. [Article]
3. Weinbauer GF, Jackwerth B, Yoon YD, Behre HM, Yeung CH, Nieschlag E: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of testosterone enanthate and dihydrotestosterone enanthate in non-human primates. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1990 Apr;122(4):432-42. [Article]
4. Shoskes JJ, Wilson MK, Spinner ML: Pharmacology of testosterone replacement therapy preparations. Transl Androl Urol. 2016 Dec;5(6):834-843. doi: 10.21037/tau.2016.07.10. [Article]
5. Dailymed [Link]
6. Pfizer monograph [Link]
7. Pfizer monograph [Link]

External Links

KEGG Drug

D00957

KEGG Compound

C08156

ChemSpider

390140

ChEBI

9463

ChEMBL

CHEMBL1201101

ZINC

ZINC000004097468

Wikipedia

Testosterone_cypionate

FDA label

MSDS

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Klinefelter's Syndrome	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Testicular Hypogonadism	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Cancer, Advanced	1
2	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Adenocarcinoma, Prostate / Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma	1
2	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Prostate Cancer	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC)	1
2	Recruiting	Supportive Care	Prostate Cancer	1
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC)	1
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Prostate Cancer	1
2	Withdrawn	Treatment	Bone Metabolism	1

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Solution	Intramuscular	100 mg/1ml
Injection, solution	Intramuscular	250 mg/1ml
Injection, solution	Intramuscular	200 mg/1mL
Solution	Intramuscular	100 mg / mL
Injection	Intramuscular	100 mg/ml
Injection	Intramuscular	200 mg/ml
Liquid	Intramuscular	100 mg / mL
Injection	Intramuscular	100 mg/1mL
Injection	Intramuscular	200 mg/10mL
Injection	Intramuscular	200 mg/1mL
Injection	Intramuscular; Subcutaneous	200 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intramuscular	100 mg/1mL
Powder	Not applicable	1 g/1g
Solution	Intramuscular	200 mg/1mL

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	98-104ºC	'MSDS'
water solubility	Insoluble	'FDA label'

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.000437 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	5.1	ALOGPS
logP	6.11	ChemAxon
logS	-6	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	18.52	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-4.8	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	2	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	43.37 Å2	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	5	ChemAxon
Refractivity	119.36 m3·mol-1	ChemAxon
Polarizability	49.84 Å3	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	5	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Not Available

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Not Available

Targets

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Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Yes

Actions

Agonist

General Function

Zinc ion binding

Specific Function

Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Transcription ...

Gene Name

AR

Uniprot ID

P10275

Uniprot Name

Androgen receptor

Molecular Weight

98987.9 Da

References

1. Small EJ, Ryan CJ: The case for secondary hormonal therapies in the chemotherapy age. J Urol. 2006 Dec;176(6 Pt 2):S66-71. [Article]
2. Omwancha J, Brown TR: Selective androgen receptor modulators: in pursuit of tissue-selective androgens. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2006 Oct;7(10):873-81. [Article]
3. Petraki CD, Sfikas CP: Histopathological changes induced by therapies in the benign prostate and prostate adenocarcinoma. Histol Histopathol. 2007 Jan;22(1):107-18. [Article]
4. Maudsley S, Davidson L, Pawson AJ, Freestone SH, Lopez de Maturana R, Thomson AA, Millar RP: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone functionally antagonizes testosterone activation of the human androgen receptor in prostate cells through focal adhesion complexes involving Hic-5. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84(5):285-300. Epub 2007 Jan 4. [Article]
5. Lapauw B, Goemaere S, Crabbe P, Kaufman JM, Ruige JB: Is the effect of testosterone on body composition modulated by the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat polymorphism in elderly men? Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Mar;156(3):395-401. [Article]
6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

General Function

Zinc ion binding

Specific Function

Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissu...

Gene Name

ESR1

Uniprot ID

P03372

Uniprot Name

Estrogen receptor

Molecular Weight

66215.45 Da

References

1. Kojima H, Iida M, Katsura E, Kanetoshi A, Hori Y, Kobayashi K: Effects of a diphenyl ether-type herbicide, chlornitrofen, and its amino derivative on androgen and estrogen receptor activities. Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Apr;111(4):497-502. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

General Function

Zinc ion binding

Specific Function

Receptor for both mineralocorticoids (MC) such as aldosterone and glucocorticoids (GC) such as corticosterone or cortisol. Binds to mineralocorticoid response elements (MRE) and transactivates targ...

Gene Name

NR3C2

Uniprot ID

P08235

Uniprot Name

Mineralocorticoid receptor

Molecular Weight

107066.575 Da

References

1. Takeda AN, Pinon GM, Bens M, Fagart J, Rafestin-Oblin ME, Vandewalle A: The synthetic androgen methyltrienolone (r1881) acts as a potent antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 Feb;71(2):473-82. Epub 2006 Nov 14. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

Inhibitor

Inducer

General Function

Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity

Specific Function

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...

Gene Name

CYP3A4

Uniprot ID

P08684

Uniprot Name

Cytochrome P450 3A4

Molecular Weight

57342.67 Da

References

1. Zhang T, Zhu Y, Gunaratna C: Rapid and quantitative determination of metabolites from multiple cytochrome P450 probe substrates by gradient liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Nov 25;780(2):371-9. [Article]
2. Maenpaa J, Hall SD, Ring BJ, Strom SC, Wrighton SA: Human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) mediated midazolam metabolism: the effect of assay conditions and regioselective stimulation by alpha-naphthoflavone, terfenadine and testosterone. Pharmacogenetics. 1998 Apr;8(2):137-55. [Article]
3. Patki KC, Von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ: In vitro metabolism of midazolam, triazolam, nifedipine, and testosterone by human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochromes p450: role of cyp3a4 and cyp3a5. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Jul;31(7):938-44. [Article]
4. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
5. Source [Link]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Inducer

General Function

Serotonin binding

Specific Function

Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral...

Gene Name

MAOA

Uniprot ID

P21397

Uniprot Name

Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A

Molecular Weight

59681.27 Da

References

1. Sjoberg RL, Ducci F, Barr CS, Newman TK, Dell'osso L, Virkkunen M, Goldman D: A non-additive interaction of a functional MAO-A VNTR and testosterone predicts antisocial behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Jan;33(2):425-30. Epub 2007 Apr 11. [Article]
2. Hoff KM: Interaction of testosterone with monoamineoxidase in mouse brain maturation. Gen Pharmacol. 1977;8(1):55-7. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Inhibitor

General Function

Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, nad(p)h as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

Specific Function

Catalyzes the side-chain cleavage reaction of cholesterol to pregnenolone.

Gene Name

CYP11A1

Uniprot ID

P05108

Uniprot Name

Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial

Molecular Weight

60101.87 Da

References

1. Kostic TS, Stojkov NJ, Bjelic MM, Mihajlovic AI, Janjic MM, Andric SA: Pharmacological doses of testosterone upregulated androgen receptor and 3-Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta-5-delta-4 isomerase and impaired leydig cells steroidogenesis in adult rats. Toxicol Sci. 2011 Jun;121(2):397-407. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr063. Epub 2011 Apr 6. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Oxygen binding

Specific Function

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...

Gene Name

CYP3A5

Uniprot ID

P20815

Uniprot Name

Cytochrome P450 3A5

Molecular Weight

57108.065 Da

References

1. Patki KC, Von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ: In vitro metabolism of midazolam, triazolam, nifedipine, and testosterone by human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochromes p450: role of cyp3a4 and cyp3a5. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Jul;31(7):938-44. [Article]
2. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Oxygen binding

Specific Function

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...

Gene Name

CYP3A7

Uniprot ID

P24462

Uniprot Name

Cytochrome P450 3A7

Molecular Weight

57525.03 Da

References

1. Ohmori S, Fujiki N, Nakasa H, Nakamura H, Ishii I, Itahashi K, Kitada M: Steroid hydroxylation by human fetal CYP3A7 and human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase coexpressed in insect cells using baculovirus. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1998 Apr;100(1):15-28. [Article]
2. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Vitamin d 24-hydroxylase activity

Specific Function

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...

Gene Name

CYP1A1

Uniprot ID

P04798

Uniprot Name

Cytochrome P450 1A1

Molecular Weight

58164.815 Da

References

1. Schwarz D, Kisselev P, Schunck WH, Chernogolov A, Boidol W, Cascorbi I, Roots I: Allelic variants of human cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1): effect of T461N and I462V substitutions on steroid hydroxylase specificity. Pharmacogenetics. 2000 Aug;10(6):519-30. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Steroid hydroxylase activity

Specific Function

Exhibits a coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Active in the metabolic activation of hexamethylphosphoramide, N,N-dimethylaniline, 2'-methoxyacetophenone, N-nitrosomethylphenylamine, and the tobacco-s...

Gene Name

CYP2A13

Uniprot ID

Q16696

Uniprot Name

Cytochrome P450 2A13

Molecular Weight

56687.095 Da

References

1. von Weymarn LB, Zhang QY, Ding X, Hollenberg PF: Effects of 8-methoxypsoralen on cytochrome P450 2A13. Carcinogenesis. 2005 Mar;26(3):621-9. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgh348. Epub 2004 Dec 3. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Steroid hydroxylase activity

Specific Function

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...

Gene Name

CYP2B6

Uniprot ID

P20813

Uniprot Name

Cytochrome P450 2B6

Molecular Weight

56277.81 Da

References

1. Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
2. Hedrich WD, Hassan HE, Wang H: Insights into CYP2B6-mediated drug-drug interactions. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2016 Sep;6(5):413-425. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.016. Epub 2016 Aug 9. [Article]
3. Yang TJ, Krausz KW, Shou M, Yang SK, Buters JT, Gonzalez FJ, Gelboin HV: Inhibitory monoclonal antibody to human cytochrome P450 2B6. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 May 15;55(10):1633-40. doi: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00018-5. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Steroid hydroxylase activity

Specific Function

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...

Gene Name

CYP2C19

Uniprot ID

P33261

Uniprot Name

Cytochrome P450 2C19

Molecular Weight

55930.545 Da

References

1. Yamazaki H, Shimada T: Progesterone and testosterone hydroxylation by cytochromes P450 2C19, 2C9, and 3A4 in human liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Oct 1;346(1):161-9. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0302. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Steroid hydroxylase activity

Specific Function

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...

Gene Name

CYP2C8

Uniprot ID

P10632

Uniprot Name

Cytochrome P450 2C8

Molecular Weight

55824.275 Da

References

1. Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
2. Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ: Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011411. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Steroid hydroxylase activity

Specific Function

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...

Gene Name

CYP2C9

Uniprot ID

P11712

Uniprot Name

Cytochrome P450 2C9

Molecular Weight

55627.365 Da

References

1. He N, Edeki T: The inhibitory effects of herbal components on CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 catalytic activities in human liver microsomes. Am J Ther. 2004 May-Jun;11(3):206-12. [Article]
2. Yamazaki H, Shimada T: Progesterone and testosterone hydroxylation by cytochromes P450 2C19, 2C9, and 3A4 in human liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Oct 1;346(1):161-9. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0302. [Article]
3. Zhang JG, Dehal SS, Ho T, Johnson J, Chandler C, Blanchard AP, Clark RJ Jr, Crespi CL, Stresser DM, Wong J: Human cytochrome p450 induction and inhibition potential of clevidipine and its primary metabolite h152/81. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 May;34(5):734-7. Epub 2006 Feb 24. [Article]
4. Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Monooxygenase activity

Specific Function

Exhibits low testosterone 6-beta-hydroxylase activity.

Gene Name

CYP3A43

Uniprot ID

Q9HB55

Uniprot Name

Cytochrome P450 3A43

Molecular Weight

57669.21 Da

References

1. Domanski TL, Finta C, Halpert JR, Zaphiropoulos PG: cDNA cloning and initial characterization of CYP3A43, a novel human cytochrome P450. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;59(2):386-92. [Article]

Kind

Protein group

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

No

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Electron carrier activity

Specific Function

Converts testosterone into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and progesterone or corticosterone into their corresponding 5-alpha-3-oxosteroids. It plays a central role in sexual differentiation and andro...

---

Components:

References

1. Pfizer monograph [Link]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Oxygen binding

Specific Function

Catalyzes the formation of aromatic C18 estrogens from C19 androgens.

Gene Name

CYP19A1

Uniprot ID

P11511

Uniprot Name

Aromatase

Molecular Weight

57882.48 Da

References

1. Garringer JA, Niyonkuru C, McCullough EH, Loucks T, Dixon CE, Conley YP, Berga S, Wagner AK: Impact of aromatase genetic variation on hormone levels and global outcome after severe TBI. J Neurotrauma. 2013 Aug 15;30(16):1415-25. doi: 10.1089/neu.2012.2565. [Article]

Carriers

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

No

Actions

Other/unknown

General Function

Toxic substance binding

Specific Function

Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...

Gene Name

ALB

Uniprot ID

P02768

Uniprot Name

Serum albumin

Molecular Weight

69365.94 Da

References

1. Pardridge WM: Serum bioavailability of sex steroid hormones. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 May;15(2):259-78. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

No

Actions

Other/unknown

General Function

Androgen binding

Specific Function

Functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. Specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone...

Gene Name

SHBG

Uniprot ID

P04278

Uniprot Name

Sex hormone-binding globulin

Molecular Weight

43778.755 Da

References

1. Pardridge WM: Serum bioavailability of sex steroid hormones. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 May;15(2):259-78. [Article]

Transporters

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Inhibitor

Inducer

General Function

Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Specific Function

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity). Selectively inhibit...

Gene Name

SLCO1A2

Uniprot ID

P46721

Uniprot Name

Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2

Molecular Weight

74144.105 Da

References

1. Lu R, Kanai N, Bao Y, Wolkoff AW, Schuster VL: Regulation of renal oatp mRNA expression by testosterone. Am J Physiol. 1996 Feb;270(2 Pt 2):F332-7. [Article]
2. Kanai N, Lu R, Bao Y, Wolkoff AW, Vore M, Schuster VL: Estradiol 17 beta-D-glucuronide is a high-affinity substrate for oatp organic anion transporter. Am J Physiol. 1996 Feb;270(2 Pt 2):F326-31. [Article]
3. Bossuyt X, Muller M, Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ: Polyspecific drug and steroid clearance by an organic anion transporter of mammalian liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Mar;276(3):891-6. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Inducer

General Function

Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Specific Function

Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenad...

Gene Name

SLC22A8

Uniprot ID

Q8TCC7

Uniprot Name

Solute carrier family 22 member 8

Molecular Weight

59855.585 Da

References

1. Kobayashi Y, Hirokawa N, Ohshiro N, Sekine T, Sasaki T, Tokuyama S, Endou H, Yamamoto T: Differential gene expression of organic anion transporters in male and female rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Jan 11;290(1):482-7. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Inducer

General Function

Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Specific Function

Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulf...

Gene Name

SLC22A7

Uniprot ID

Q9Y694

Uniprot Name

Solute carrier family 22 member 7

Molecular Weight

60025.025 Da

References

1. Kobayashi Y, Hirokawa N, Ohshiro N, Sekine T, Sasaki T, Tokuyama S, Endou H, Yamamoto T: Differential gene expression of organic anion transporters in male and female rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Jan 11;290(1):482-7. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Inhibitor

General Function

Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity

Specific Function

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.

Gene Name

ABCB1

Uniprot ID

P08183

Uniprot Name

Multidrug resistance protein 1

Molecular Weight

141477.255 Da

References

1. Katoh M, Nakajima M, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of CYP3A4 substrates and their metabolites on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001 Feb;12(4):505-13. [Article]
2. Polli JW, Wring SA, Humphreys JE, Huang L, Morgan JB, Webster LO, Serabjit-Singh CS: Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Nov;299(2):620-8. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Inhibitor

General Function

Virus receptor activity

Specific Function

The hepatic sodium/bile acid uptake system exhibits broad substrate specificity and transports various non-bile acid organic compounds as well. It is strictly dependent on the extracellular presenc...

Gene Name

SLC10A1

Uniprot ID

Q14973

Uniprot Name

Sodium/bile acid cotransporter

Molecular Weight

38118.64 Da

References

1. Schroeder A, Eckhardt U, Stieger B, Tynes R, Schteingart CD, Hofmann AF, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Substrate specificity of the rat liver Na(+)-bile salt cotransporter in Xenopus laevis oocytes and in CHO cells. Am J Physiol. 1998 Feb;274(2 Pt 1):G370-5. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Toxin transporter activity

Specific Function

Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain.

Gene Name

SLC22A3

Uniprot ID

O75751

Uniprot Name

Solute carrier family 22 member 3

Molecular Weight

61279.485 Da

References

1. Tzvetkov MV, Vormfelde SV, Balen D, Meineke I, Schmidt T, Sehrt D, Sabolic I, Koepsell H, Brockmoller J: The effects of genetic polymorphisms in the organic cation transporters OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3 on the renal clearance of metformin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Sep;86(3):299-306. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2009.92. Epub 2009 Jun 17. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Symporter activity

Specific Function

Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without...

Gene Name

SLC22A4

Uniprot ID

Q9H015

Uniprot Name

Solute carrier family 22 member 4

Molecular Weight

62154.48 Da

References

1. Tzvetkov MV, Vormfelde SV, Balen D, Meineke I, Schmidt T, Sehrt D, Sabolic I, Koepsell H, Brockmoller J: The effects of genetic polymorphisms in the organic cation transporters OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3 on the renal clearance of metformin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Sep;86(3):299-306. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2009.92. Epub 2009 Jun 17. [Article]

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function

Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity

Specific Function

High-capacity urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion. Plays a role in porphyrin homeostasis as it is able to mediates the export of protoporhyrin IX (PPIX) both fro...

Gene Name

ABCG2

Uniprot ID

Q9UNQ0

Uniprot Name

ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2

Molecular Weight

72313.47 Da

References

1. Janvilisri T, Venter H, Shahi S, Reuter G, Balakrishnan L, van Veen HW: Sterol transport by the human breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) expressed in Lactococcus lactis. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 6;278(23):20645-51. Epub 2003 Mar 28. [Article]

Drug created at January 11, 2018 23:07 / Updated at December 10, 2021 21:39

Will Testosterone Cypionate Absorbed Through Skin

Source: https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB13943